Melting Point Of Caffeine Lab Report - 1937 Words

The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the isolation of a natural product from a biological source using extraction techniques, and to demonstrate purification by sublimation. We are isolating caffeine from tea. The goals of the experiment are to successfully extract caffeine from the tea solution and to further purify it by sublimation. We will find the percent yield and melting point of the caffeine at the end and we will also identify certain functional groups using an infrared spectroscopy and ‘H NMR. Main Reactions: Procedure: The experiment was a two-day experiment. On the first day, we did steps 1-11. In a 400-milliliter beaker, we placed five tea bags instead of 10, and approximately 150-milliliters of DI water†¦show more content†¦We tried not to shake it too vigorously or we could get an emulsion. An emulsion is a mixture consisting of droplets of one phase suspended in the other. After we shook the mixture we saw that we did get an emulsion and had to get help from our professor. We did not have to wait 15 minutes for the layers to separate as it says in the lab manual in case an emulsion happened. All we had to do was twist the funnel around for a little bit to help them separate. We omitted step 5 because our professor told us which layer was going to be which. The bottom layer is methylene chloride and the top layer is the aqueous layer. We then drained methylene chloride into a 125-milliliter Erlenmeyer flask. A little bit of the aqueous layer did drain with it. We then extrac ted the aqueous layer with another 20-milliliter portion of methylene chloride and shook it again very gently. We then drained the methylene chloride layer into the same Erlenmeyer flask. Afterwards, we dried them with about 1 gram of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. We let the solution stand for about 10 minutes, swirling it occasionally to complete the drying. With the aqueous layer, we left it in the separatory funnel since we did not need it but kept just in case. We then gravity filtered the methylene chloride solution into a small, pre-weighed 150-milliliter beaker, instead of a 100-milliliter beaker. 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What Is Walzer s Theory Of Aggression - 1318 Words

What is Walzer’s â€Å"Theory of Aggression†? According to Michael Wazler, the theory of aggression implies to the ideologies of jus ad bellum as detailed in the international law. He uses domestic correlation as the basis of the theory by explaining how the rules that govern citizens apply to the international community. The rights that apply to the citizens are similar to those of the states. He argues that â€Å"Every violation of the territorial integrity or political sovereignty of an independent state is called aggression† He subdivides the theory into six main points that act as the standards of comprehending war from a moral point of view. †¢ The international community constitutes of independent nations that Wazler uses to demonstrate the concept of a civilized society. †¢ The states that form the international community have rights. The foundation of the rights is the rights guaranteed to persons. †¢ It is a crime for a state to use force against the other. Such actions comprise the state’s rights. †¢ The justification of violence as a means of defending oneself where individuals and states use it as a method of enforcing laws †¢ Hostility serves to validate war †¢ It is possible to punish and ward off aggressors Walzer seeks to point out that when states emphasize on their rights, they must also be (somehow) the objects of punishment How does Walzer modify that theory in the section of the book on â€Å"jus ad bellum,† and why does he feel it needs modification? He uses theShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Humanitarian Intervention1534 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent consensus in the international community understands that nations, like individuals, have basic rights, namely, the right to territorial integrity and political sovereignty. When another nation violates these rights, it is considered an act of aggression. 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I will then present Luban’s critique of Walzer and his argument for developing an account of Just War directly in terms of human rights, before concluding with my own critiqueRead MoreThe Issue Of Humanitarian Intervention2145 Words   |  9 PagesThe consensus among the international community affirms that nations, like individuals, have basic rights, namely, the right to territorial integrity and political sovereignty. When another nation violates these rights, it is considered an act of aggression. However, there certainly are situations where a violation of territorial integrity or political sovereignty is justified, namely in humanitarian intervention, â€Å"the use of military force against another state when the chief declared aim of thatRead MoreWas World War Ii a Legitimate War? in the Context of Just War Theory.3960 Words   |  16 Pagesjust war theory. 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Later, he joined the Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, as assistant Professor of Philosophy. In 1962, he was given Professorship at Harvard where he published his ‘Theory of Justice’ in 1971 and was awarded the Phi Beta Kappa Ralph Waldo Emerson prize in 1972. He retired in 1991 but continued teaching political philosophy till 1995 . In 1999, a National Humanitarian Medal was awarded to him by President Clinton and

Teaching Chemistry Pedagogical Strategy

Question: Discuss about theTeaching Chemistry for Pedagogical Strategy. Answer: Introduction The assignment deals with the pedagogical strategy to deal with the teaching of difficult chemical concepts in chemistry. Based on the literature review the paper justifies how best to teach the difficult chemical concept. The paper explains the difficult concept and pedagogy to assist the learning of the difficult concept. It explains the way misconceptions are addressed and the learning strategy using constructivist learning theories. The paper discusses the evidence of tailoring the strategy to the student needs and rationalizes the choice and purpose of teaching resources. A thorough literature review is performed to support the facts in the assignment. Teaching Mole Concept Chemistry deals with the processes that involve chemical changes, which includes mole, molecules and the concept of particles as well as mathematical computations. A mole concept is a unit used for calculating the amount of substances participating in a chemical reaction and the products formed at the end (Okanlawon 2010). According to Fang et al. (2014), several studies were conducted earlier related to teaching and learning of chemical concepts. It was found that students perceive the mole concept as difficult to understand. Hanson (2015) found that students were facing difficulty in grabbing the mole concept and solving problems of stoichiometry. PekdaÄÅ ¸ and AzizoÄÅ ¸lu (2013) believes that it is essential for a student to have an informed understanding of the mole concept for solving stoichiometry problems correctly. First, let's discuss the "concepts and "misconceptions" about learning or understanding of the student. A student can have the concept of molecular mass as an addition to the constituent elements atomic masses in the molecular formula." Therefore, one needs to have the concept of what is atomic mass, elements in the molecule and their ratios as per the molecular formula. It can be said that the concepts are necessary learnable objects (Okanlawon 2010). The other term difficult concept means a concept that cannot be easily understood without lots of efforts, intelligence and skills (Danielson et al. 2013). As per studies of Yakmaci-Guzel (2013), before attending school students have different views about surrounding objects and events. Not all the views they have are consistent with that of a scientific community. These inconsistency or different concepts are identified as "misconceptions." The misconception can also be called as "nave conception or alternate conception (Fang et al. 2 016). The use of technical terms is the additional source of misconceptions. For example, spontaneously does not mean very quickly, but the students may interpret spontaneous reactions as those reactions that are occurring very rapidly without an enzyme. It is difficult to remove the misconceptions by traditional instructions, as these are resistance to change (Nyachwaya et al. 2014). The scientific teaching requires identification of misconceptions in students and its reconstruction to scientific concepts. Misconceptions commonly arise due to lack of abstract thinking and reasoning skills. It is difficult to learn abstract concepts, which slows the subsequent learning process. Abstract concepts can be grabbed by conceptual learning (Fang et al. 2016). The teaching challenges in explaining the mole concept was identified as the definition of the concept, concepts difficulty, mathematical use, etymology and prerequisites (PekdaÄÅ ¸ and AzizoÄÅ ¸lu 2013). Conceptual teaching involves "exemplification and characterisation" where the former involves explaining the concept to the student with or without sufficient examples. The strategy of characterisation involves various moves such as defining the concept by giving either sufficient or necessary condition (both or neither) of concepts. According to Yakmaci-Guzel (2013), conceptual learning facilitates the learning of abstract concepts and topics also called constructive learning. PekdaÄÅ ¸ and AzizoÄÅ ¸lu (2013) explained that in chemistry the conceptual change as a learning process which involves learning a concept starting from another concept." It is used to replace chemical concepts with relevant concepts. It helps to improve the knowledge of learned concepts. In constructivist teaching, and learning conceptual change has been highlighted as a trademark (Fang et al. 2014). However, there is a literature gap in the area of conceptual change studies in teaching and learning of mole concept. The theory of constructivism has played a vital role in education literature. The theory explains how students construct their understanding related to the subject based on already existing knowledge or concept while making connections with new information. It indicates the non-behaviourist theory. This phenomenon leads to cognitive conflicts initially as students tend to restructure their existing knowledge which drives learning (Fosnot 2013). Therefore, the Constructivist pedagogy is widely used in scientific education. In my opinion, teaching the solving of stoichiometry problems algorithmically is ineffective. There is the need to set up a roadmap or develop a framework for explaining the particular concept. Designing the teaching process in a schematic manner is necessary to help the listeners to concentrate on the details of the topic. For example, what is the mole? The concept of Avogadro Number? Followed by asking of stoichiometry problems and then more complex problems to solve. After each step, the confusions or misconceptions should be identified by questioning such as why C moles are left instead of Z moles? This will help a student to engage better in problem solving. More focus should be laid on enhancing students qualitative and quantitative reasoning skills by training them to develop the mental model of the problem. Teacher must ask about open ended, close ended questions, thought provoking and subject centred questions to evaluate their understanding. It can be followed by teaching t hem the interpretation of information and develop a scheme or procedure of the solution. The other strategy is to help the students in translating the worded stoichiometric problems into a balanced chemical equation. The problem can be solved by the further use of the appropriate mathematical equation. It was explained by Fosnot (2013) that dissecting the stoichiometric problem into columns or boxes is an effective method. It is also called as matrix representation and is superior to other methods regarding grouping sentences and clearly defining the required information. This method suggests the orders of operations and allows checking of the partial solution. It was found from the research paper of Danielson (2013), that students taught with matrix representation method showed better performance in solving stoichiometric problems than their other counterparts. Students are benefitted from this pedagogical approach as they learn and address different viewpoints. After completion of each topic, students should be provided with a questionnaire or a project to be prepared. This is to provide them with meaningful experience and harness the process of investigation (Yakmaci-Guzel 2013). The constructivist pedagogy implies the teachers to promote conditions of inventions. It is fruitful than presenting ready-made knowledge. More than one strategy can be used as all the students may not understand with one defined technique. Asking question is an effective method to understand the level of student (Fosnot 2013). To engage students in understanding difficult concepts, it is better to use detailed power point presentations with simple to understand diagrams, equations and explain each of them sequentially wherever possible. Additional resources such as animated videos can be utilized for better imagination and understanding of concepts (Laurillard 2013). The use of analogies, models, other than blackboards is useful in clearing concepts easily as it helps students to relate the topic as per the radical constructivism (Hanson 2015). This is because the concept learned through objects and events helps students to observe the similarities and differences between the experiences. It leads to the gradual building of the concept relating to the object (PekdaÄÅ ¸ and AzizoÄÅ ¸lu 2013). Further, it promo tes students to discuss and clarify their confusions and doubts as they assimilate and accommodate new information (Piaget theory). Conclusion In conclusion, teachers must not assume that all the students have constructed the ideas in their mind the same way. The paper has offered a conceptual change model for misconceptions. It involves identification of confusions and providing evidence for the correct scientific explanation to falsify the misconceptions. These methods have been proved to be efficient and are highlighted significantly in recent literature. Teachers can be successful in the constructive pedagogies if they can identify the productive elements in the student's intuitive understanding." References Fosnot, C.T., 2013.Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice. Teachers College Press. Danielson, C., 2013. The framework for teaching.Evaluation Instrument. The Danielson Group. Yakmaci-Guzel, B., 2013. Preservice chemistry teachers in action: an evaluation of attempts for changing high school students' chemistry misconceptions into more scientific conceptions.Chemistry Education Research and Practice,14(1), pp.95-104. Nyachwaya, J.M., Warfa, A.R.M., Roehrig, G.H. and Schneider, J.L., 2014. College chemistry students' use of memorized algorithms in chemical reactions.Chemistry Education Research and Practice,15(1), pp.81-93. Fang, S.C., Hart, C. and Clarke, D., 2016. Identifying the critical components for a conceptual understanding of the mole in secondary science classrooms.Journal of Research in Science Teaching,53(2), pp.181-214. Laurillard, D., 2013.Rethinking university teaching: A conversational framework for the effective use of learning technologies. Routledge. Hanson, R., 2015. Ghanaian Teacher Trainees' Conceptual Understanding of Stoichiometry.Online Submission,3(1), pp.1-8. PekdaÄÅ ¸, B., and AzizoÄÅ ¸lu, N., 2013. Semantic mistakes and didactic difficulties in teaching the amount of substance concept: a useful model.Chemistry Education Research and Practice,14(1), pp.117-129. Okanlawon, A.E., 2010. Teaching reaction stoichiometry: exploring and acknowledging Nigerian chemistry teachers pedagogical content knowledge.Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences,5(2), pp.107-129. Fang, S.C., Hart, C. and Clarke, D., 2014. Unpacking the meaning of the mole concept for secondary school teachers and students.Journal of chemical education,91(3), pp.351-356.

Analysis Andy Warhol Essay Example For Students

Analysis Andy Warhol Essay Indore was born in 1889 in Minivan. (Bikers, 6) He was married and living with Julia Warhol, mother of Andy, for three years in Mikado. In order to avoid being drafted into the Balkan conflict in 1912 he immigrated to Pittsburgh without her at the age of seventeen to work in a coal field in the industrial district of Philadelphia. (Bikers, 7) Julia Warhol was born in a small village in the Captain mountains outside of Czechoslovakia. Julia was the oldest and prettiest of her fifteen other siblings. She was also said to be the artistic one of the bunch. (Bikers, 7) In 1914 Julia gave birth to a baby girl. Because of the notations due to the war the infant contracted influenza six months later and died. Cilias mother was so depressed about the news of the infants death that she died one month later. (Bikers, 8-9) Julia was now reliable tort her only two surviving sisters of ages six and nine. For the next four years Julia fled from the soldiers, hiding in woods and barns. She was supposed to be receiving money from Indore but because she was always on the run she never saw the money. From 1918-1921 she raised 160 dollars to go to the united states to find Indore (Bikers, g) Andy Warhol was born on September 28, 1930 in sorest City, Pennsylvania. Or so we think. This is vat the original birth certificate read but Andy wanted people to believe he avgas born in Mac Seaport, or even Hawaii. He also stays true to believe the certificate is a forgery. Most books and other reportable sources confirm that he was indeed born in 1930 but the dates do range from 1925-1931 (Bikers, 10). Andy was raised in a coal mining town in Philadelphia. It was a dark musty town were the sky stayed black. The town was overrun with power and crime. (Bikers, 10) Being raised in an environment as such would greatly affect a persons personality in their later years. This might explain Antas later fascination with death related topics. In 1930 Antas father got a steady job laying roads and moving houses. This was a high paying job at the time because of the mass rate of growth in the cities, Indore saved his money and one-year later moved his family into a larger house on Bella Street. Shortly after moving into the house Indore lost his job and was forced to move into a two-bedroom apartment. The rent was six dollars a week and Antas father had to work odd jobs to just barley pay the rent, It was not just Andy and his parents. Andy had two other brothers, one older and one younger. All three f the children were said to be afraid of their father. Dad didnt like us to start commotion because he was so exhausted and he would get emotionally upset. Usually all he had to do was look at you. (Bickers 12) Andy always had a problem with grammar school. He was not a social child and preferred to keep to himself. As most children do, they saw this in Andy and picked on him frequently (Bikers, 18) Antas brother Paul stated, At age four Andy cried a lot at school and one day a little black girl slapped him (Bickers 15) He was very traumatized by this incident and asked his mother if she could keep him home from school. As the loving mother she was, she took Andy out Of school and kept him home for two years. Over this time he became very close to his mother. When it was time for him to return to school he threw a temper tantrum. It took his mother, brother and neighbor to drag Andy back to school. Because of this incident he developed a nervous tick. (Retaliate, 1 1) Fortunately, Indore got his old job back and earned enough money to move back into a larger house in Oak Land. This town was much more suitable for raising a child and had better school systems. In this town Andy made new friends, which were particularly girls, This loud later explain Antas homosexual tendencies. Marriage German was one of his closest friends, She was said to he bright and stimulating which would encourage Andy to do better in school. Andy began to have a fascination with the cinema. Every weekend he and Marriage would go to the movies. At the end of every show the ushers would hand out autographed photos of the actors and actresses, Andy would end up using these same images in his prints. Andy started to distance himself from boys and became closer to girls and his new found talent of drawing. Antas brother John said, When Andy was out in the lied by the time you hit the ball he wasnt there. (Bikers, 16-17) He would go back to the house and draw in his notebook Andy soon got the reputation as a mamas boy. If he was not with his girlfriends or sketching in his notebook, he was out with his mother helping her pick out hats and skirts. At age six Andy had entered the second grade. His teacher Catharine Meta said that Andy would walk through the halls With his head down Wishing he was invisible. This made him a prime suspect for abuse by his fellow classmates. From early on in Antas life he had been a sickly child. Because Andy was known to be a mammas boy ND a crybaby his parents paid little to no attention to him when he whined about being hurt or sick. At age two Antas eyes swelled shut due to an infection and his mother had to use daily doses of boric acid to get rid of the mucus. At age four he was playing on the train tracks and broke his arm. The wound went unnoticed for several weeks until someone saw an unnatural bend to his arm, The bone had to be re-broken and set. At age six Andy contracted scarlet fever, which would later effect his overall development. His illness went unnoticed until Andy began not being able to control his limbs or speech. He had trouble holding his own earn and completing a sentence, This part of Antas life greatly contributed to his mistrust in people and his art. (Bikers, 19) Antas art talent in high school was amazing. He drew everything he laid his eyes on, Even though he had such a great talent he was still singled out Lee Assessors says But sorely he was sort of left out, He wasnt even in the art club because his talent was so superior. Andy attended Shelley High School. During his senior year he applied to both the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Institute of Technology. Andy as accepted to both but chose to attend Carnegie Tech. Carnegie Techs academic standards were high and the courses extremely competitive. (Retaliate, 12) This avgas because his graduating class consisted of about only one hundred students. The school motto best describes its standards Laborer est. Rare to labor is to pray is vat it means in Latin. Antas freshman courses consisted of drawing, pictorial and decorative design, color, hygiene, and thought and expression. The Scarlet Letter - Film Analysis EssayIn his early works with portraits such as Ladies and Gentleman 1917 (l) and Truman Capote1979 (2) they show how Andy uses vibrant colors to emphasize specific features. In his Untitled (Hernia) 1960-62 (3) painting it shows his work with common day ads and simplicity. This print almost looks like it came from a textbook. Front and Back of Dollar bills (4) experiments with the use of silk screen and mass production. This painting is quite striking because when you think about it none might just be the most mass-produced object in the world. Andy also had a tendency to paint inordinate things like his cow (5) painting. He stayed within his style Of color but the cow is neither a famous portrait nor a mass- produced object. After the tragic suicide of Marilyn Monroe in 1362 Andy became somewhat Obsessed With her beauty. (Bikers, 113) He would use pictures Of her lips and produce them hundreds of times using bright sexy colors. He always focused on her most sexual features such as he hair, eyes, and lips. Marilyn Monroe Lips 1962 (6) and Marilyn. Andy had another artistic style to him. T was one that came from his childhood. Being raised in poverty and being exposed to such horrific sights contributed to his next Movement of work. Andy was curious in the acts of God whether it is from Mother Nature to killings or atomic bombs. Andy would make reproductions of all these incidents. It wasnt until Henry Cudgeller shoed Andy a more productive direction. In June of 1962 Cudgeller suggested that Andy start looking at the dark side of Amercing culture in a more artistic way. (Bikers 126) Andy new he had to come up with a new idea that would shock his audience as much as the soup cans and dollar ills had. Andy began doing paintings such as car crash 1963 (7) and electric chair These images were extremely powerful. You were not just looking at an image in the newsprint you were looking at an image that was twice as large as you were and repeated ten times, Also he always chose a color to tint these images in. The color gives a mysterious side to it, which makes you want to know the rest of the story. The Death-and-disaster series became recognized as some of his best works, but at the same time many of his supporters found the images unacceptable. None of his supporters wanted to hang a picture Of a an mangled in his car over their fireplace. The prints did do extremely well but only over seas in Europe and Germany. Some Other famous prints are, Sixteen Jacques 1964 Lavender Disaster 1963(9) and Suicide1963 (10). Oxidation Painting 1978 (I I) is in the death-and-disaster series but has a different twist to it. It is two large sheets of copper that had been treated with patina. While wet they were urinated on showing the given effect. Along with his artistic style his physical appearance began to change. He began wearing a silver blond wig that fit on his head haphazardly. (Bikers, 99) He even went as far as to change is speech and mannerisms. For the next several years Andy continued with his death and disaster series. He was now a world-renowned artist and had private shows throughout the world. In 1986, Andy flew to Milan for the opening of his last show. During the last two days in Milan Andy did not leave the hotel. He was in much pain recalled Daniel Mortar, He was in bed which was quite unusual tort Andy to be in bed let alone tort two days. At the end to 1986 his gallstones had become so enlarged that they had become life threatening, Andy refused to go too hospital because of his great fear of them. In the first week of February his illness stopped him dead in his tracks. For the first time in his life Andy abandoned his friends in the middle of a night out on the town to go home and spend the evening in his bed. A sonogram taken by Dry_ Cox showed the gallbladder to be severely infected, inflamed, and filled with fluid. The next day Andy was scheduled to be admitted into New York Hospital. The operation was supposed to take place on Saturday and have Andy home by late Sunday. Saturday morning Andy locked all his valuables in his safe and headed to the hospital. He had also made it very clear that no one, not even his mother should now he was going to the hospital When he was admitted they put him under the name of Bob Roberts. A report from the New York Times Magazine by M. A Barb and Lawrence Alton stated: After fifteen hours Of preparation, Whorls surge/ was preformed between 8:45 am and 12:10 p. M. On Saturday February 21, 1987. There were no complications at the time and none were found during the autopsy or by any of the doctors who had received the case. Warhol spent three hours in recovery after the surgery, and at 3:pm was taken to his private room on the twelfth floor of Baker Pavilion. For comfort precaution and n the recommendation of Dry. Cox, his regular physician, Warhol was placed in the hands of a private duty nurse, rather than the normal complement of staff nurses. He was examined during the afternoon and early evening by the senior attending physicians, who noted nothing unusual. Alert and seemingly in good spirits, Warhol watched television and around 9:30 p. M. Spoke to the house keeper at his east side home, a few blocks away, Min Chou was the private nurse attending to Andy. It was not known whether she kept her post but it was clear that she did not record his vital signs and neglected to give him medicine, At pm and tama on Sunday February 22, Min Chou, the private nurse who had been selected by the hospital from a registry, took Antas blood pressure and found it stable. She gave a progress report to the chief surgical resident by telephone at I I pm; presumably while the patient slept. At 5:Assam Ms. Chou noticed that Warhol had turned blue and his pulse had weakened. Unable to waken him she summoned the floor nurse who in the words of a colleague, almost had a stroke A cardiac arrest team began resuscitation efforts but according to hospital sources, had difficulty putting a tube in Whorls windpipe cause rigor Morris had started to set in. At 6:maam the artist was pronounced dead.

Summary Of Hamlet Essay Example For Students

Summary Of Hamlet Essay Summary Of The PlayHamletBy: Amanda WellmanIts a story of murder, betrail, hatred all rapped up in one astonishing play. An amazing play in fact, one of which I thought was the best Shakespear ever wrote. There are some many different themes in the book. It a play that I would suggest anyone to read if there looking for a great story! Brief SummaryHamlet is the son of the late King Hamlet (of Denmark), who died two months before the start of the play. After King Hamlets death, his brother, Claudius, becomes king, and marries King Hamlets widow, Gertrude (Queen of Denmark). We will write a custom essay on Summary Of Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Young Hamlet fears that Claudius killed his own brother (Hamlets father) to become king of Denmark, greatly angering Hamlet. Two officers, Marcellus and Barnardo, summon Hamlets friend Horatio, and later Hamlet himself to see the late King Hamlets ghost appear at midnight. The ghost tells Hamlet privately that Claudius had indeed murdered King Hamlet by pouring poison in his ear. Hamlet is further enraged and plots of how to revenge his fathers death. In his anger, Hamlet seems to act like a madman, prompting King Claudius, his wife Gertrude, and his advisor Polonius to send Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet and figure out why he is acting mad. Hamlet even treats Polonius daughter Ophelia rudely, prompting Polonius to believe Hamlet is madly in love with her, though Claudius expects otherwise. Polonius, a man who talks too long- windedly, had allowed his son Laertes to go to France (then sent Reynaldo to spy on Laertes) and had ordered Ophelia not to associate with Hamlet. Claudius, fearing Hamlet may try to kill him, sends Hamlet to England. Before leaving, however, Hamlet convinces an acting company to reenact King Hamlets death before Claudius, in the hopes of causing Claudius to break down and admit to murdering King Hamlet. Though Claudius is enraged, he does not admit to murder. Hamlets mother tries to reason with Hamlet after the play, while Polonius spied on them from behind a curtain. Hamlet hears Polonius, and kills him through the curtain, thinking the person is Claudius. When finding out the truth, Hamlet regrets the death, yet Claudius still sends him to England, accompanied by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with orders from Claudius that the English kill Hamlet as soon as her arrives. After Hamlet leaves, Laertes returns from France, enraged over Polonius death. Ophelia reacts to her fathers death with utter madness and eventually falls in a stream and drowns, further angering Laertes. En route to England, Hamlet finds the orders and changes them to order Rosencrantz and Guildenstern killed, as does occur, though Hamlet is kidnapped by pirates one day later. The pirates return Hamlet to Claudius (for a ransom), and Claudius tries one last attempt to eliminate Hamlet: he arranges a sword duel between Laertes and Hamlet. The trick, however, is that the tip of Laertes sword is poisoned. As a backup precaution, Claudius poisons the victory cup in case Hamlet wins. During the fight, the poisoned drink is offered to Hamlet, he declines, and instead his mother, Gertrude, drinks it (to the objection of Claudius). Laertes, losing to Hamlet, illegally scratches him with the poisoned sword to ensure Hamlets death. Hamlet (unknowingly), then switches swords with Laertes, and cuts and poisons him. The queen dies, screaming that she has been poisoned and Laertes, dying, admits of Claudius treachery. Weakening, Hamlet fatally stabs Claudius, Laertes dies, and Hamlet begins his death speech. Though Horatio wants to commit suicide out of sorrow, Hamlet entreats him to tell the story of King Hamlets death and Rosencrantz and Guildensterns deaths to all. Fortinbras, the prince of Norway, arrives from conquest of England, and Hamlets last dying wish is that Fortinbras become the new King of Denmark. Words/ Pages : 632 / 24

buy custom The Role of Social Work essay

buy custom The Role of Social Work essay Social work, also a social science, is a relatively new discipline that is still evolving. Various scholars have defined it in different terms. According to Llewellyn, Lorraine and Mercer (2008 p. 1), social work is a contested area that has evolved within the wider political, economic, policy and social context in the social sciences. Among the definitions for social work is, social work is a socially constructed phenomenon...defined by the economic, social and cultural conditions in which it takes place, (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, p 1). This definition puts emphasis on the uniqueness of societies across the world; therefore each society has its form of social work taking place. The uniqueness in societies has seen social work evolve in different forms found in different societies. This divergent forms of social work are seen in the way different societies defines social care within the domain of their cultures. Llewellyn (2008) insists that it is a necessity that social workers understand the social conditions and processes within the context of the society. This denotes that different social workers have different roles defined by the groups they are working in, but the underlying aspect is that, they all work for the improvement of the society. The International Association of Schools of Social Work, 2001, defines the role of social work as the promotion of social change, problem solving in human relations, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance their well being. This definition is closely linked to the earlier one as they are all centred on the improvement of the society in a defined way. Beckett (2006, p 12) in his definition of social work also emphasizes on the uniqueness of society and the changing roles of the social worker dependent on the problems in the society. He emphasizes on the role of control and coordination as unique to social work so as to help the members of a society attain their potentials. Social care, provided for by the government and other key agents of development such as non-governmental organizations, and the private sector is important for the well being of the society as a whole. Many people across the world cannot cater for their social care needs; hence rely on free social care services provided for by the government. This is all in the realm of social work. Social work is closely linked to sociology with many people confusing the two terms (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, p. 2). Social work has evolved within the discipline of sociology, but has ended up taking a role and significance of its own, such that it is considered as an independent discipline from sociology. Much as sociology emphasizes on understanding the dynamics of society with an emphasis on social science research, social work tends to take a more practical approach in tackling the problems that arise within societies. The two disciplines borrow a lot from each other, especially in the theoretical aspects and research. Social work is dynamic and keeps evolving to take in to account the changing needs of society (Jorrin, 1973). As the problems being encountered by members of society change with the development of new technologies that have enabled people to be in contact at a level never seen before, social work has been changing to take this new development in to perspective. Originally social work entailed tackling societal problems as they arose, such as substance abuse, child welfare and sexual abuse. This was done without much involvement of the society as a whole, but the social workers took it up on themselves to be the community watchdogs. Overtime time this has changed to facilitating the elimination of such problem with empowerment of the community to develop their capacity to tackle the problems without much assistance from outsiders (Beckett, 2006). Social workers have changed their roles to that of facilitators where they work on the improvement of the societies ability to tackle social problems (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, 2008). This is achieved through the use of research methods and statistics to collect relevant information that would help the social workers understand the dynamics of particular societies. The information gathered helps in the generation of techniques and tools necessary to alleviate the problems. Social work needs to have relevance of sociological perspectives in understanding societal and structural influences on human behaviour (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, p. 5). This enables the social worker to get better collaboration from the members of society. Every society has opinion leaders and leadership structures that influence the activities of the members. Such leaders can provide massive assistance to the social worker if they are adequately involved in decision making, and creating awareness in the society. Social work tries to understand and explain the links between definition processes contributing to social differences; problems of inequality and differential needs (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, p. 5). In tackling problems such as child abuse, social workers need to have an understanding of the way culture has contributed to the continuity of the vice over time, and whether there are any mechanisms to stop the continuity of the vice. In so doing, social work plays a role of trying to formulate solutions from the structure of the society, while at the same time using the members of the society to tackle the problems they are facing. This will lead to a situation where cultural and social changes occur, a necessary condition in overcoming the problems once and for all. Apart from problem solving, social work plays a fundamental role in human empowerment and liberation as stated in IASSW (2001). The human potential is unimaginable, but largely remains unfulfilled. This is as a result of lack of opportunities and knowledge on how to use this potential. Social work plays a pivotal role in the fulfilment of such potentials by engaging in empowerment campaigns that highlight the opportunities open to members of society. Closely linked to empowerment and a major role of social work, is the role of creating cultural and social changes in societies. This is a necessity in societies who hold fatalistic beliefs such as female suicide and child abuse. Social work serves the role of being the agent of change in such societies, a slow and tedious task. Beckett (2006), talks of the role of social workers as the control agents, this is the regulation and enforcement of behaviour change with the aim of protecting the vulnerable from being harmed or harming themselves. This distinguishes social work from other disciplines in the social sciences. Control agents provide mechanisms for members of society with guidelines on how to lead a fulfilling life. The presence of social workers acts as a deterrence to the people (Beckett, 2006 p. 12), who would otherwise have engaged in dangerous activities which could be harmful to others. Social work also serves the role of coordination (Beckett, 2006, p. 13), especially when working in a multidisciplinary environment. Unlike care management which regulates the activities of a multi-disciplinary team, social work coordinates the activities of other professionals, so as to be in line with societal needs. This assists the society as a whole, as the team works with the objective of improving the condition of the socciety as a whole. Much as social work serves important roles in societies, it has been faced by a number of challenges that have hampered its roles of improving the human conditions, as discussed below. Many people view social work as performing the role of care takers when the society faces a breakdown. There is some truth in this assumption, but it ends up leading people to view social workers as the solution to problems that could otherwise have been solved in the community. Beresford (2007) asserts that the over reliance on social work sometimes leads to a breakdown in the community, as people wait on the social workers to provide every form of social care. This problem can be tackled through education and empowerment of the people, this is in order to change their worldview and reduce dependency on social care. This will create a sense of responsibility within societies, which is beneficial for the people in the long run. Some people attach stigma to getting assistance from social workers, where people look down upon members of society receiving social care from the government. This leads to a situation where people fail to air their grievances and bottle up their problems, resulting to a condition detrimental to society such as increase in suicide cases. The belief that things need to be critical before the intervention of social workers is a widely held belief. Many people assume that social workers only intervene when there is an emergency, thus fear to be associated with the activities of social work, lest they be prejudiced by members of society. Fatalistic beliefs held by various cultural groups have undermined the importance and effectiveness of social work (Beckett, 2006, p. 24). Such beliefs are usually hard to change and more often they act as inhibitors to growth and development. Social workers sometimes are viewed with suspicion and hatred, especially when they attempt to influence culture change where fatalistic beliefs have created obstacles to progress. Conclusion Social work is a relatively new field of study that has evolved within the social sciences and closely linked to sociology. The IASSW (2001) explains that social work utilizes theories of human behaviour and social systems to intervene at points where people interact with their environment. This is more fundamental when such interactions become injurious to the people or the environment. Social work serves the roles of controlling and coordinating social care and other development programmes in close collaboration with experts from other disciplines, all with the aim of improving the human condition. The changing role of social work lies in the structure of the discipline, which views communities as unique entities with different problems and needs. Social work puts emphasis on the need to develop social care programmes with the unique needs of different people in mind. This ensures that each members need is taken in to account and does not lead to the exclusion of some members. Social work differs from other social sciences as it has increasingly changed to accommodate the indigenous communities and the most vulnerable members of society in decision-making processes. This accommodation brings a sense of importance within the society and serves the role of empowerment. It can be conclusively stated that social work puts an emphasis on people centred development, where the major aim is in empowering people to be their own actors of development. This is achieved through the enhancement of peoples capabilities and potentials by increasing their choices in life. This makes it an important discipline in the pursuit of development by many societies. Buy custom The Role of Social Work essay

Critical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critical Review - Essay Example The article is based on a study in an organization where people were more tested with the new method of work and they thoroughly enjoyed it because people had the ease of being watched by their colleagues and friends rather than being watched over by their extremely â€Å"strict rules (Snook 2008 16) bosses. The management realized that the â€Å"employees want to know where the business is going and what they need to focus on† (Kaplan 2007 87). This idea was although introduced in the early 21st century, it was still to be tried and tested upon though â€Å"management fads shift all the time† (Brown and Duguid, 2000, p80). The article deals with the issue of surveillance at the work place "that is becoming the focus of much attention" (Sewell 1998 397) Core Questions: The article emphasizes on a few special pointers. The main one was probably to test how the workers work when they are around their peers who act like their bosses and not actually around their real boss es; who they think can be stricter. Also it shows how workers responded to managerial changes from bureaucratic to concertive control. Throughout this control the workers had their peers manage a group which was specially assigned to do a particular task, for them. Also the main purpose of it was to check how much labor, time and money is saved through concertive control and how quickly the negative or positive changes take place in the organization. Assumptions of the Study: The assumption made on the study was weather concertive control can affect any organization in a positive way or not. Also it was a controlled task to all self managers. They had to act responsibly for all actions. They had to initiate all actions and also commit to them. They had to be responsible for the organization’s performance. They had to be responsible for the quality of the work provided to an individual or of a group. They had to make a balanced group that is that every group should have high e xperienced workers, knowledgeable workers and able workers. Also the assumption was to take it in three stages. The first stage being the simple control one, allowed hired bosses to boss his employees. The second stage was the technological control. This control allowed the technology to look upon the workers. The third stage was the bureaucratic control. This was rather the most systematic stage of the control. And after this was the stage of concertive control that was to change the managing way of the organization, this change allowed self control throughout the organization and also control over the staff by a certain worker was introduced throughout this control How the analysis undertaken in the article helps to achieve these objectives After a lot of brain storming the idea of concertive control was started, hence, it should have at least been represented in a better way. The mangers should have had to have proper rules they had to follow and probably the basic rule for the m anagers should have been to be a little easy going on their staff. Also the research should have been carried out in many organizations instead of being carried out in two or three organizations for a longer period of time. Also discrimination between new and old staff members should not have been made. If an old staff member made a mistake he was punished but if the new staff member made the same mistake he was overlooked. The workers should have been given some time to get adjusted to the environment. The iron cage should have been