Summary Of Hamlet Essay Example For Students

Summary Of Hamlet Essay Summary Of The PlayHamletBy: Amanda WellmanIts a story of murder, betrail, hatred all rapped up in one astonishing play. An amazing play in fact, one of which I thought was the best Shakespear ever wrote. There are some many different themes in the book. It a play that I would suggest anyone to read if there looking for a great story! Brief SummaryHamlet is the son of the late King Hamlet (of Denmark), who died two months before the start of the play. After King Hamlets death, his brother, Claudius, becomes king, and marries King Hamlets widow, Gertrude (Queen of Denmark). We will write a custom essay on Summary Of Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Young Hamlet fears that Claudius killed his own brother (Hamlets father) to become king of Denmark, greatly angering Hamlet. Two officers, Marcellus and Barnardo, summon Hamlets friend Horatio, and later Hamlet himself to see the late King Hamlets ghost appear at midnight. The ghost tells Hamlet privately that Claudius had indeed murdered King Hamlet by pouring poison in his ear. Hamlet is further enraged and plots of how to revenge his fathers death. In his anger, Hamlet seems to act like a madman, prompting King Claudius, his wife Gertrude, and his advisor Polonius to send Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet and figure out why he is acting mad. Hamlet even treats Polonius daughter Ophelia rudely, prompting Polonius to believe Hamlet is madly in love with her, though Claudius expects otherwise. Polonius, a man who talks too long- windedly, had allowed his son Laertes to go to France (then sent Reynaldo to spy on Laertes) and had ordered Ophelia not to associate with Hamlet. Claudius, fearing Hamlet may try to kill him, sends Hamlet to England. Before leaving, however, Hamlet convinces an acting company to reenact King Hamlets death before Claudius, in the hopes of causing Claudius to break down and admit to murdering King Hamlet. Though Claudius is enraged, he does not admit to murder. Hamlets mother tries to reason with Hamlet after the play, while Polonius spied on them from behind a curtain. Hamlet hears Polonius, and kills him through the curtain, thinking the person is Claudius. When finding out the truth, Hamlet regrets the death, yet Claudius still sends him to England, accompanied by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with orders from Claudius that the English kill Hamlet as soon as her arrives. After Hamlet leaves, Laertes returns from France, enraged over Polonius death. Ophelia reacts to her fathers death with utter madness and eventually falls in a stream and drowns, further angering Laertes. En route to England, Hamlet finds the orders and changes them to order Rosencrantz and Guildenstern killed, as does occur, though Hamlet is kidnapped by pirates one day later. The pirates return Hamlet to Claudius (for a ransom), and Claudius tries one last attempt to eliminate Hamlet: he arranges a sword duel between Laertes and Hamlet. The trick, however, is that the tip of Laertes sword is poisoned. As a backup precaution, Claudius poisons the victory cup in case Hamlet wins. During the fight, the poisoned drink is offered to Hamlet, he declines, and instead his mother, Gertrude, drinks it (to the objection of Claudius). Laertes, losing to Hamlet, illegally scratches him with the poisoned sword to ensure Hamlets death. Hamlet (unknowingly), then switches swords with Laertes, and cuts and poisons him. The queen dies, screaming that she has been poisoned and Laertes, dying, admits of Claudius treachery. Weakening, Hamlet fatally stabs Claudius, Laertes dies, and Hamlet begins his death speech. Though Horatio wants to commit suicide out of sorrow, Hamlet entreats him to tell the story of King Hamlets death and Rosencrantz and Guildensterns deaths to all. Fortinbras, the prince of Norway, arrives from conquest of England, and Hamlets last dying wish is that Fortinbras become the new King of Denmark. Words/ Pages : 632 / 24

buy custom The Role of Social Work essay

buy custom The Role of Social Work essay Social work, also a social science, is a relatively new discipline that is still evolving. Various scholars have defined it in different terms. According to Llewellyn, Lorraine and Mercer (2008 p. 1), social work is a contested area that has evolved within the wider political, economic, policy and social context in the social sciences. Among the definitions for social work is, social work is a socially constructed phenomenon...defined by the economic, social and cultural conditions in which it takes place, (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, p 1). This definition puts emphasis on the uniqueness of societies across the world; therefore each society has its form of social work taking place. The uniqueness in societies has seen social work evolve in different forms found in different societies. This divergent forms of social work are seen in the way different societies defines social care within the domain of their cultures. Llewellyn (2008) insists that it is a necessity that social workers understand the social conditions and processes within the context of the society. This denotes that different social workers have different roles defined by the groups they are working in, but the underlying aspect is that, they all work for the improvement of the society. The International Association of Schools of Social Work, 2001, defines the role of social work as the promotion of social change, problem solving in human relations, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance their well being. This definition is closely linked to the earlier one as they are all centred on the improvement of the society in a defined way. Beckett (2006, p 12) in his definition of social work also emphasizes on the uniqueness of society and the changing roles of the social worker dependent on the problems in the society. He emphasizes on the role of control and coordination as unique to social work so as to help the members of a society attain their potentials. Social care, provided for by the government and other key agents of development such as non-governmental organizations, and the private sector is important for the well being of the society as a whole. Many people across the world cannot cater for their social care needs; hence rely on free social care services provided for by the government. This is all in the realm of social work. Social work is closely linked to sociology with many people confusing the two terms (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, p. 2). Social work has evolved within the discipline of sociology, but has ended up taking a role and significance of its own, such that it is considered as an independent discipline from sociology. Much as sociology emphasizes on understanding the dynamics of society with an emphasis on social science research, social work tends to take a more practical approach in tackling the problems that arise within societies. The two disciplines borrow a lot from each other, especially in the theoretical aspects and research. Social work is dynamic and keeps evolving to take in to account the changing needs of society (Jorrin, 1973). As the problems being encountered by members of society change with the development of new technologies that have enabled people to be in contact at a level never seen before, social work has been changing to take this new development in to perspective. Originally social work entailed tackling societal problems as they arose, such as substance abuse, child welfare and sexual abuse. This was done without much involvement of the society as a whole, but the social workers took it up on themselves to be the community watchdogs. Overtime time this has changed to facilitating the elimination of such problem with empowerment of the community to develop their capacity to tackle the problems without much assistance from outsiders (Beckett, 2006). Social workers have changed their roles to that of facilitators where they work on the improvement of the societies ability to tackle social problems (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, 2008). This is achieved through the use of research methods and statistics to collect relevant information that would help the social workers understand the dynamics of particular societies. The information gathered helps in the generation of techniques and tools necessary to alleviate the problems. Social work needs to have relevance of sociological perspectives in understanding societal and structural influences on human behaviour (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, p. 5). This enables the social worker to get better collaboration from the members of society. Every society has opinion leaders and leadership structures that influence the activities of the members. Such leaders can provide massive assistance to the social worker if they are adequately involved in decision making, and creating awareness in the society. Social work tries to understand and explain the links between definition processes contributing to social differences; problems of inequality and differential needs (Llewellym, Agu Mercer, 2008, p. 5). In tackling problems such as child abuse, social workers need to have an understanding of the way culture has contributed to the continuity of the vice over time, and whether there are any mechanisms to stop the continuity of the vice. In so doing, social work plays a role of trying to formulate solutions from the structure of the society, while at the same time using the members of the society to tackle the problems they are facing. This will lead to a situation where cultural and social changes occur, a necessary condition in overcoming the problems once and for all. Apart from problem solving, social work plays a fundamental role in human empowerment and liberation as stated in IASSW (2001). The human potential is unimaginable, but largely remains unfulfilled. This is as a result of lack of opportunities and knowledge on how to use this potential. Social work plays a pivotal role in the fulfilment of such potentials by engaging in empowerment campaigns that highlight the opportunities open to members of society. Closely linked to empowerment and a major role of social work, is the role of creating cultural and social changes in societies. This is a necessity in societies who hold fatalistic beliefs such as female suicide and child abuse. Social work serves the role of being the agent of change in such societies, a slow and tedious task. Beckett (2006), talks of the role of social workers as the control agents, this is the regulation and enforcement of behaviour change with the aim of protecting the vulnerable from being harmed or harming themselves. This distinguishes social work from other disciplines in the social sciences. Control agents provide mechanisms for members of society with guidelines on how to lead a fulfilling life. The presence of social workers acts as a deterrence to the people (Beckett, 2006 p. 12), who would otherwise have engaged in dangerous activities which could be harmful to others. Social work also serves the role of coordination (Beckett, 2006, p. 13), especially when working in a multidisciplinary environment. Unlike care management which regulates the activities of a multi-disciplinary team, social work coordinates the activities of other professionals, so as to be in line with societal needs. This assists the society as a whole, as the team works with the objective of improving the condition of the socciety as a whole. Much as social work serves important roles in societies, it has been faced by a number of challenges that have hampered its roles of improving the human conditions, as discussed below. Many people view social work as performing the role of care takers when the society faces a breakdown. There is some truth in this assumption, but it ends up leading people to view social workers as the solution to problems that could otherwise have been solved in the community. Beresford (2007) asserts that the over reliance on social work sometimes leads to a breakdown in the community, as people wait on the social workers to provide every form of social care. This problem can be tackled through education and empowerment of the people, this is in order to change their worldview and reduce dependency on social care. This will create a sense of responsibility within societies, which is beneficial for the people in the long run. Some people attach stigma to getting assistance from social workers, where people look down upon members of society receiving social care from the government. This leads to a situation where people fail to air their grievances and bottle up their problems, resulting to a condition detrimental to society such as increase in suicide cases. The belief that things need to be critical before the intervention of social workers is a widely held belief. Many people assume that social workers only intervene when there is an emergency, thus fear to be associated with the activities of social work, lest they be prejudiced by members of society. Fatalistic beliefs held by various cultural groups have undermined the importance and effectiveness of social work (Beckett, 2006, p. 24). Such beliefs are usually hard to change and more often they act as inhibitors to growth and development. Social workers sometimes are viewed with suspicion and hatred, especially when they attempt to influence culture change where fatalistic beliefs have created obstacles to progress. Conclusion Social work is a relatively new field of study that has evolved within the social sciences and closely linked to sociology. The IASSW (2001) explains that social work utilizes theories of human behaviour and social systems to intervene at points where people interact with their environment. This is more fundamental when such interactions become injurious to the people or the environment. Social work serves the roles of controlling and coordinating social care and other development programmes in close collaboration with experts from other disciplines, all with the aim of improving the human condition. The changing role of social work lies in the structure of the discipline, which views communities as unique entities with different problems and needs. Social work puts emphasis on the need to develop social care programmes with the unique needs of different people in mind. This ensures that each members need is taken in to account and does not lead to the exclusion of some members. Social work differs from other social sciences as it has increasingly changed to accommodate the indigenous communities and the most vulnerable members of society in decision-making processes. This accommodation brings a sense of importance within the society and serves the role of empowerment. It can be conclusively stated that social work puts an emphasis on people centred development, where the major aim is in empowering people to be their own actors of development. This is achieved through the enhancement of peoples capabilities and potentials by increasing their choices in life. This makes it an important discipline in the pursuit of development by many societies. Buy custom The Role of Social Work essay

Critical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critical Review - Essay Example The article is based on a study in an organization where people were more tested with the new method of work and they thoroughly enjoyed it because people had the ease of being watched by their colleagues and friends rather than being watched over by their extremely â€Å"strict rules (Snook 2008 16) bosses. The management realized that the â€Å"employees want to know where the business is going and what they need to focus on† (Kaplan 2007 87). This idea was although introduced in the early 21st century, it was still to be tried and tested upon though â€Å"management fads shift all the time† (Brown and Duguid, 2000, p80). The article deals with the issue of surveillance at the work place "that is becoming the focus of much attention" (Sewell 1998 397) Core Questions: The article emphasizes on a few special pointers. The main one was probably to test how the workers work when they are around their peers who act like their bosses and not actually around their real boss es; who they think can be stricter. Also it shows how workers responded to managerial changes from bureaucratic to concertive control. Throughout this control the workers had their peers manage a group which was specially assigned to do a particular task, for them. Also the main purpose of it was to check how much labor, time and money is saved through concertive control and how quickly the negative or positive changes take place in the organization. Assumptions of the Study: The assumption made on the study was weather concertive control can affect any organization in a positive way or not. Also it was a controlled task to all self managers. They had to act responsibly for all actions. They had to initiate all actions and also commit to them. They had to be responsible for the organization’s performance. They had to be responsible for the quality of the work provided to an individual or of a group. They had to make a balanced group that is that every group should have high e xperienced workers, knowledgeable workers and able workers. Also the assumption was to take it in three stages. The first stage being the simple control one, allowed hired bosses to boss his employees. The second stage was the technological control. This control allowed the technology to look upon the workers. The third stage was the bureaucratic control. This was rather the most systematic stage of the control. And after this was the stage of concertive control that was to change the managing way of the organization, this change allowed self control throughout the organization and also control over the staff by a certain worker was introduced throughout this control How the analysis undertaken in the article helps to achieve these objectives After a lot of brain storming the idea of concertive control was started, hence, it should have at least been represented in a better way. The mangers should have had to have proper rules they had to follow and probably the basic rule for the m anagers should have been to be a little easy going on their staff. Also the research should have been carried out in many organizations instead of being carried out in two or three organizations for a longer period of time. Also discrimination between new and old staff members should not have been made. If an old staff member made a mistake he was punished but if the new staff member made the same mistake he was overlooked. The workers should have been given some time to get adjusted to the environment. The iron cage should have been

Discussing Issues Relating to Oceanography Assignment

Discussing Issues Relating to Oceanography - Assignment Example A substance melts when its molecules move apart and have a â€Å"wider range† of motion than is possible in the solid state (Yong and Wai 197). During boiling or conversion from liquid to vapor state, energy is not only required for overcoming the attractive forces between molecules but also for expanding the vapor against the atmospheric pressure. The energy required for this process is called latent heat of vaporization. In this case, too, the kinetic energy of the molecules remains constant. Latent heat of melting only breaks down a few bonds between molecules while latent heat of fusion breaks down all the bonds. Moreover, during vaporization, the molecules are reorganized more vigorously than during melting. Therefore, the latent heat of vaporization is greater than the latent heat of fusion. For example, the latent heat of melting of ice (6.0Ãâ€"103 Jmol-1) is only 15% of the latent heat of vaporization (Adkins 79). This is because of the strong intermolecular forces between water molecules. Water molecules are polar because of charge separation between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, where oxygen atoms are partially negative and hydrogen atoms are partially positive. Because of the presence of positive and negative poles, each water molecule bonds with other water molecules. This leads to strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The boiling point and the freezing/melting point of water are higher than that of other compounds of similar makeup, such as H2S, H2Te and H2Se, because larger amounts of heat are required to overcome the strong hydrogen bonds in water compared to other compounds where hydrogen bonds are absent. Thus, the freezing point of water (which is equal to the melting point) is 100 ºC higher than expected and the boiling point is 200 ºC higher than expected (Spencer, Bodner, and Rickard 333).

Comparison between Emirates Airlines and Qatar Airways Term Paper

Comparison between Emirates Airlines and Qatar Airways - Term Paper Example Both the airlines provide extensive services and are in search for better performance in a continued manner for serving the customers in a superior way. However, it was concluded that according to the overall performance between the two airlines organization, Emirates Airlines performed noticeably well in certain aspects as compared to Qatar Airways and considerably holds the upper hand. Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir/Ma’am, I present the report of the study of comparison between the two airlines, i.e. Emirates Airlines and Qatar Airways. The report is structured based on the comparison of various activities performed by both the airlines in the global market. A copy of the report is being submitted to you. I highly appreciate the time that you have devoted to me. Regards Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Letter of Transmittal 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Analysis 5 Discussion of Findings 6 Summary and Conclusion 11 Works Cited 12 Introduction Emirates is recognize d as a renowned airline of The Emirates Group located at Dubai International Airport in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is regarded as one of the biggest airlines in Middle East which was established during the year 1985. The airline is headquartered in Dubai. Emirates Airlines comprises around 191 fleets which are spread across 128 destinations as of report presented in December 2012 (Emirates, â€Å"Our Fleet†). ... The Economy Class of Emirates renders comfort as well as convenience through various facilities such as exclusive meals, email and telephone services. Luxury services such as Shower Spas and Private Suites are also presented to customers in Emirates Airlines (Emirates, â€Å"Cabin Features†). The first flight of the airline named EK 600 was launched in 1985 from Dubai to Karachi. The airline earned its exclusive profits inside nine months of its establishment and since then it has grown considerably and never looked back (Grand 1-100). Qatar Airways has grown to a significant level within a short period of time, serving more than 120 destinations around the world. The airline offers excellent services which have assisted it to capture award winning position for becoming one of the leading airline companies in the world. It was founded during the year 1993 and started its operations in 1994. The airline company is owned by Government of Qatar, having its headquarters in Doha. D uring the initial period, the airline organization could not gain prominence and was temporarily dissolved. During 1997, with its re-launch of airlines, Qatar Airways had earned various awards and was categorized under the elite group for airlines in the world with a 5-Star rating provided by Skytrax. There are around 230 fleets operated by Qatar Airways that function all around the world. Qatar Airways also provide facilities for customers travelling in First, Business and Economy Class including 5 Star dining facilities, entertainment and comfort for customers with luxury products along with amenity kits for customers for their personal comfort. An added facility is provided to customers of First Class for carrying luggage of 40 kg, while it is 50 kg for Emirates (Qatar Airways,

Molecular Basis Of Neurotransmission Biology Essay

Molecular Basis Of Neurotransmission Biology Essay Brain is one of the most important organs of the body with continuous network connecting each cell physically with the help of neurons the building blocks of nervous system. Neurons transmit their signal to other cells in the form of electrochemical waves through their fibres called axons. Signal is transmitted in the synaptic gap with the help of chemical substances called Neurotransmitters. These signals are important in order to coordinate organ functions, smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle actions and bodily secretions for the long time survival of mammals. The current topic depicts the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neurotransmission with particular emphasis on the neurotransmitter release, action and inhibition. Background Information: Neurons are the building blocks of nervous system transmit information by electrical and chemical signalling. These neurons consist of mainly three parts they are cell body, dendrites and an axon. The gap between the two neurons is called synapse. The chemical substances which transmit impulses through the gap are called Neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter release occurs by the regulated exocytosis of vesicles containing the transmitter. As transmitters are released by a process of fusion of vesicular membrane with plasma membrane. The way of release of transmitter is not identical for all neurotransmitters and all synapses. The rate of release of different vesicles varies because small scale vesicles (SSVs) lie close to the synaptic membrane at specialized areas called active zones release faster where as large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) which are present at the body terminal release slowly. Quantal release of Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are stored in special membrane enclosed organelles called synaptic vesicles and packed as discrete packets called Quanta. At normal conditions a huge number of vesicles are released simultaneously leading to depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane and the generation of an action potential. Each vesicle contains approximately the same amount of neurotransmitters, since each quantum released produces approximately the same postsynaptic depolarization. The depolarizations are observed in small amounts of 0.5mv and they are called Miniature end plate potentials. At central synapses one quantum is released on arrival of a single action potential, but with a probability of less than one. Calcium ions involvement in transmitter release: External calcium is essential for transmitter release and this calcium enters the nerve terminal through voltage gated calcium channels. The calcium involvement in transmitter release is found by various studies like Freeze Fraction Studies Omega Profile and Cage Molecules The active zone that is present at the pre-synaptic site contains the Calcium channels and the action potential release transmitter by depolarizing the pres-synaptic membrane and opening calcium channels. The rise in local calcium concentration makes the exocytosis of the docked vesicles with the plasma membrane and release of transmitter into the synaptic cleft. Calcium concentration adjacent to the calcium channels increase from resting level of 0.2Â µM to steady state of about 400Â µM.The concentration at half maximal is 194Â µM which is a relatively low affinity and the maximal rate of secretion was high. The active zone contains more than hundred calcium channels all channels do not open for single action potential but at such a site any single vesicle is docked by more than one calcium channel. At CNS synapses N and P/Q type of calcium channels appear to be predominant where as at neuromuscular junction P type channels are responsible for neurotransmitter release. The exocytose trigger must have fast, low affinity, cooperative calcium binding. Excitation-Secretion coupling: Calcium concentration is low intracelluraly and both the concentration and electrical gradients provides a strong driving force for calcium entry. Thus when a voltage gated Ca+2 channels open in response to the depolarization of the membrane by an action potential, there is a possibility for the intracellular calcium concentration to increase by large extent. This calcium acts at extremely short distances that is in nanometres in times of microseconds and at very high local concentration of nearly 100 Â µM. Calcium dependent steps of Neurotransmitter release: Synaptic vesicles are tethered to cytoskeletal proteins some distance from the active zone. Vesicle recruitment is a calcium dependent step which frees the vesicles and then moves to the active zone on the presynaptic membrane. Once the vesicle is released from cytoskeleton it binds to the presynaptic membrane a process called Docking. The next step is priming which is an ATP dependent process and after this calcium stimulus in which there is a rapid fusion of the primed vesicles and exocytosis of the neurotransmitter. Every step requires different amounts of calcium and the final step requires very high local calcium concentration. Anchored vesicle Recruitment Ca+2 = 0.5Â µM Docking Docked vesicle ATP Priming Ca+2 = 0.3Â µM ADP+Pi Primed vesicle Fusion Ca+2 > 100Â µM Exocytosed vesicle The diagram represents the various steps involved in neurotransmitter release. Protein involvement in Transmitter release: There is large number of proteins present on the vesicular membrane and these are involved in the neurotransmitter release and in neurotransmission process. These proteins perform a general functions that are not restricted to a single class of transmitters. Transmitter release depends not only on the vesicular proteins but also on the proteins of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The various proteins involved in neurotransmission are depicted below. Protein Function Vesicular transmitter transporter Taking of transmitter into vesicles Synaptotagmin Trigger for vesicle fusion and docking Synaptobrevin Acts in a late step of vesicle fusion Rab3 Regulating vesicle targeting and availability Synapsin Tether vesicle to actin cytoskeleton Syntaxin Essential for late step in fusion NSF Disrupt complexes after exocytosis The various proteins and their actions are outlined below SNARE complex: The three synaptic proteins Synaptobrevin or vesicular associated membrane protein, Syntaxin and Synaptosomal associated protein of 25KDa form tight 20S complex called as core complex or the SNARE receptor complex. These form a four stranded coiled coil. These coils make the fusion of the membranes of the vesicular membrane and the plasma membrane. These are mainly involved in docking and priming steps of vesicular release. NSFprotein: N-Ethylmaleimide sensitive factor, an ATPase involved in membrane trafficking. NSF hexane bind a cofactor ÃŽ ±-SNAP and this complex in turn binds to SNARE complex this leads to disassembly of the complex and this action of NSF might catalytically rearrange the SNARSEs so that the membranes were brought together. Calcium binding proteins: These proteins are candidates for coupling the action potential to exocytosis. Synaptotagmin an integral membrane protein of the synaptic vesicles contains two calcium binding C2 domains called C2A and C2B. These domains interact with SNARE complex proteins and with phospholipids in a calcium dependent manner. These interactions are the triggering events for fusion. Synapsin: The cytoskeleton to which vesicles attach contains actin and fodrin. Vesicles are attached to these actin and fodrin by proteins called synapsins. Synapsin binds to vesicles by interaction with the phospholipids and vesicle associated CaMK2 which allow the vesicles to move to the active zone. Synaptophysin and Physophilin: A vesicular protein Synaptophysin and a plasmembrane protein Physophilin form a pore called fusion pore by their interaction and these fusion pores later expands to allow the release of vesicular contents. Rab3A: It is one of the cytosolic small G protein involved in neurotransmitters vesicle fusion and recycling by the help of GTP. It first binds to GTP and then to vesicles, which move the vesicles to the active site and after exocytosis GTP is hydrolysed to GDP and which results in recycling of vesicles. Nurexins: Nurexins are the family of brain specific proteins involved in neurotransmitter release. Molecular basis of synaptic action: Chemical synaptic transmission is one of the most important ways of communication from neuron to neuron and neuron to muscle. This transmission results in the carrying of impulses from the pre synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane. At the post synaptic site the neurotransmitters binds to macro molecular substances called receptors. This receptor action results in opening of an or alter the concentration of intracellular metabolites. The response may be either excitatory or inhibitory. The magnitude of response depends on the state of the receptor and the amount of transmitter released. Type of receptors present on the post-synaptic site depends on the neurotransmitter. There are two main classes of receptors involved in neurotransmitter action. They are 1. Ionotropic Receptor and 2. Metabotropic Receptors 1. Ionotropic Receptors: Ionotropic receptors are multisubunit membrane bound protein complexes composed of proteins that combine to form an ion channel through the membrane. There are two distinct families of ionotropic receptors one consists of Ach, nAch, receptor for gamma-amino butyric acid, glycine receptors and 5HT3 receptors and the other class consists of many types of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Its structure consists of 5 subunits designated as ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ³ and ÃŽ ´ which are about 290KDa.These subunits assemble to form a ring like structure enclosing a central pore. Each subunit at the outer portion form a funnel shaped extracellular domain with an intracellular diameter of 20-25A0 and also consists of intracellular domain. Each subunit of the receptor consists of four transmembrane spanning segments TM1-TM4. Each segment consists of hydrophobic amino acids which stabilizes the domain within the hydrophobic environment of the lipid membrane. It also consists of N and C terminals. Structure of the channel pore determines ion selectivity and current flow. The amino acids which form the transmembrane-2 contain a negative charge and are oriented towards the central pore of the channel. This negative charge ensures passage of cations only with prefarability. The physical dimensions of the pore contribute greatly to the selectivity for particular ions. Cytoplasmic portion contains narrow openings made up of ÃŽ ±-helical rods which regulate the flow of ions. Thus these physical characteristics of the pore along with the electrochemical gradients determine the possibility of ionic movements. TM2 segments are helical in shape and exhibits a kink in their structure which forces leucine residues from each segment such that it effectively blocks the flow of ions through the central pore of the receptors. When the transmitter binds to specific domains on the receptor causes rotation of the TM2 segments which results in the flow of ions. 2. Metabotropic receptors: Metabotropic receptors are single polypeptides that exert effects not through opening of ion channels but through binding and activating GTP-binding proteins. So these receptors are also called as G-protein coupled receptors. The various receptors comes under this category are ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ²-adrenergic, muscarnic, dopamine, GABAergic and glutaminergic. Its structure consists of a single polypeptide with seven membrane spanning helical segments associating with 24 hydrophobic amino acids. In the centre of the seven membranes spanning segments a pocket is formed which provides the neurotransmitter binding sites. The N-terminal is towards extracellular where as C-terminal is towards cytoplasm. GPCR activation causes the isomerisation of the receptors spontaneously between active and inactive states. Only the active state of the receptor interacts with G-proteins when the agonist binds and when there is absence of agonist the inactive state of the receptor is favoured. Activation of the receptor causes coupling of G-protein initiating the exchange of GDP for GTP. This activated G-protein couples to many downstream effectors and alters the activity of intracellular enzymes or ion channels. These G-protein target enzymes produce diffusible second messengers that stimulate further downstream biochemical processes like activation of protein kinases. Molecular basis of Synaptic Inactivation: The action of the neurotransmitter in the synapse is terminated by two major mechanisms. They are 1. Diffusion and 2. Uptake processes 1. Diffusion process: Simple diffusion is the main mechanism of rapidly reducing the concentration of neurotransmitter. The diffusion is mainly affected by the synaptic morphology like geometry of the cleft and adjacent spaces. 2. Uptake process: Uptake of transmitter from the synaptic cleft is carried out by high affinity sodium dependent transporters. These transporters comes under two families Na+ and K+ dependent glutamate transporters Na+ and Cl- dependent transporters These uptake transporters are inhibited by various uptake inhibitors. For example epinephrine is inhibited by methoxylated metabolites normetanephrine, metanephrine and phenoxybenzamine. Vesicles are refilled by an antiport mechanism. Inside the vesicles there is high amount of protons produced by the activity of H+-ATPase. Neurotransmitters are transported into vesicles by the antiport of H+ out of the vesicles. The other mechanisms by which synaptic inactivation occurs are enzymatic inactivation and antagonism. In enzymatic antagonism enzymes inactivate the neurotransmitter for example acetylcholine is inactivated by the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase in which it is cleaved to acetyl and choline groups such that its activity is inhibited and in case of antagonism various drugs and other substances inactivate the neurotransmitter by blocking the receptor on which the neurotransmitter. Conclusion: So, I summarise from my essay that in the case of neurotransmitter release from the vesicles, mainly the molecules involve are calcium and specific proteins and in the case of synaptic action of neurotransmitters ionotropic and metabotropic receptors plays an important molecular role and finally in the case of synaptic inactivation of neurotransmitters diffusion, uptake process, metabolism and antagonism form a molecular basis.

Cicero :: essays research papers

Marcus Tullius Cicero, is remembered in modern times as the greatest Roman orator and innovator of what became known as Ciceronian rhetoric. He was the son of a wealthy family of Arpinium. He made his first appearance in the courts in 81. His brilliant defense, in 80 or early 79, of Sextus Roscius against a fabricated charge of parricide established his reputation at the bar. After his election as consul for 63 his chief concern was to discover and make public the seditious intentions of his rival Catiline, who, defeated in 64, appeared again at the consular elections in 63 (over which Cicero presided, wearing armour beneath his toga). Catiline lost and planned to carry out armed uprisings in Italy and arson in Rome. Evidence incriminating the conspirators was secured and they were executed on Cicero's responsibility. Cicero, announcing their death to the crowd with the single word vixerunt ("they are dead"), received a tremendous ovation from all classes. He was hailed by Catulus as pater patriae, "father of his country". This was the climax of his career. At the end of 60, Cicero declined Caesar's invitation to join the political alliance of Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey, and also Caesar's offer in 59 of a place on his staff in Gaul. When Publius Clodius, whom Cicero had antagonized, became tribune in 58, Cicero was in danger, and in March fled Rome. In 57, thanks to the activity of Pompey and particularly the tribune Milo, he was recalled on August 4. Cicero landed at Brundisium on that day and was acclaimed all along his route to Rome, where he arrived a month later. Pompey renewed his compact with Caesar and Crassus at Luca in April 56. Cicero then agreed, under pressure from Pompey, to align himself with the three in politics. He was obliged to accept a number of distasteful defenses, and he abandoned public life. In 51 he was persuaded to govern the province of Cilicia, in south Asia Minor, for a year. By the time Cicero returned to Rome, Pompey and Caesar were struggling for complete power. He disapproved of Caesar's dictatorship; yet he realized that he would have been one of the first victims of Caesar's enemies, had they triumphed. Cicero was not involved in the conspiracy to kill Caesar on March 15, 44, and was not present in the Senate when he was murdered.

Money Cant Buy Health Essay

Ah, money. The grease that moves America. The love of which has perhaps caused more human anguish than perhaps any other object with the possible exception of abuse of the Bible, Torah or Koran by religious extremists. Money can’t buy health. All the money in the world can’t undo the damage caused by smoking, drug abuse, cancer, sex act, and a thousand other health problems which destroy one’s quality of life. Of course, if you are rich enough you can buy a new kidney or heart. But what is kind of life does one have fighting AIDS, cancer, a dead liver, destroyed lungs or a brain tumor caused by saturating yourself with pesticides, herbicides and other life-destroying chemicals? Money is an essential energy booster needed to see you through your life smoothly. It gives you a status symbol and you are placed in an elevation in the society. You are able to buy the best things available and your materialistic possessions give you a sense of elation. But is money the -be- all -in -life and is it enough if you have a big bank balance and many enviable things which only money can get you. No, nothing can be farther from truth. Money can get you many things in life which will give you a superficial happiness that gets sated very fast. There are many things in life money cannot buy. Can money buy you happiness? Of course it cannot. Happiness is a state of mind which has nothing to do with money. If money is needed to feel happy, then only rich people will be the happiest lot. In fact, it is the rich who feel a vacuum within them as money alienates them from the others. You might ask if money is not important. It is very much important to make you lead a life where your self esteem will not be affected by being dependent on others for your day to day survival. You should strike a correct balance between seeking money for your betterment and a mad rush towards it to keep in pace with other people’s wealth. If you start comparing you always feel lacking. Earn for yourself, not for competing with others. Give priority to your inner wealth, so that you can truly enjoy your materialistic wealth. Money can buy healthcare and medicine, but it cannot replace health once it’s lost. It’s far better to take preventative action such as watching what you eat, exercising, not smoking, and getting regular physicals than to rely on money to save you once your body has started to fail you. Money also can’t buy back your youth. No amount of money you make in the future will replace those days when your body could do anything easily and look good doing it. You can spend thousands on â€Å"treatments† to preserve your youth, but it’s an illusion. Once your youth is gone, no amount of money will get it back. If money could buy peace, I think we’d be there by now.

A Group of Baboons Is Not a Congress

A Group of Baboons Is Not a Congress A popular meme contains a picture with several baboons playing in the snow captioned: Did you know that a large group of baboons is called a Congress? As the meme goes on to explain: We are all familiar with a herd of cows, a flock of chickens, a school of fish and a gaggle of geese. However, less widely known is a pride of lions, a murder of crows (as well as their cousins the rooks and ravens), an exaltation of doves and, presumably because they look so wise, a parliament of owls. Now consider a group of baboons. They are the loudest, most dangerous, most obnoxious, most viciously aggressive and least intelligent of all primates. And what is the proper collective noun for a group of baboons? Believe it or not ... a Congress! I guess that pretty much explains the things that come out of Washington! The meme does explain one thing: The person who posted or sent it does not know what a large group of baboons is called. It’s a ‘Troop’ National Geographic says, baboons form large troops, composed of dozens or even hundreds of baboons, governed by a complex hierarchy that fascinates scientists. According to the Oxford Dictionaries list of proper terms for groups of things, organized gatherings of kangaroos, monkeys, and baboons are all called â€Å"troops,† while the only group called a â€Å"congress† is Congress.   An Expert Weighs In In an email to PolitiFact, Shirley Strum, director of the University of Californias Uaso Ngiro Baboon Project in Nairobi, Kenya, agreed that a group of baboons is known as a â€Å"troop.† â€Å"I have never heard the term congress used for a group of baboons! she wrote, adding, I would prefer to be governed by baboons than the current Congress! They are more socially committed, abide by the golden rule and are generally nicer people. Baboons are socially sophisticated and incredibly smart and among primates, no species is as dangerous as humans. Only baboons who have been spoiled by humans feeding them are dangerous and are never as aggressive as humans. The Point The point the meme is trying to make is that the U.S. Congress has pretty much degenerated into a largely ineffectual collection of lifetime professional politicians, typically  trusted by only 10% of the American people, that spends more time arguing, running for re-election and on vacation than it does tending to its real job of carrying out the legislative process in a way that helps Americans happily pursue life and liberty.   In 1970, for example, the troop called Congress passed its very own Legislative Reorganization Act, which among other things â€Å"required† both the House of Representatives and the Senate to take the entire month of August off every year unless a â€Å"state of war† or â€Å"emergency† exists at the time. The last time Congress decided to take a break from its break was in the summer of 2005 when lawmakers returned to Washington just long enough to pass legislation authorizing aid for victims of Hurricane Katrina. But the fact remains that a gathering of baboons is not a congress.

Terms of Arithmetic and Math in Spanish

Terms of Arithmetic and Math in Spanish You can talk about math in Spanish by learning a few basic terms. Many of the words are ones you already may know from other contexts. Spanish Terms of Arithmetic Here are the words for the simple mathematical functions and how theyre used with numbers: Addition (Suma):  Dos ms tres son cinco. (Two plus three is five.) Note that in other contexts, ms is usually an adverb. Subtraction (Resta):  Cinco menos cuatro son uno. (Five minus four is one.) Multiplication (Multiplicacià ³n):  Tres por cuatro son doce. (Three times four is twelve.) In other contexts, por is a common preposition. Division (Divisià ³n):  Doce dividido entre cuatro son tres. (Twelve divided by four is three.) Doce dividido por cuatro son tres. (Twelve divided by four is three.) Entre is another common preposition. Note that all of these sentences use the verb son, which is plural, in contrast with the singular verb is of English. It is also possible to use es or  the phrase es igual a (is equal to). Other Mathematical Terms Here are some less common mathematical terms: el cuadrado de - the square ofel cubo de - the cube ofecuacià ³n - equationelevado a la enà ©sima potencia - raised to the nth powerfuncià ³n - functionnà ºmero imaginario - imaginary numberpromedio - average, meanquebrado, fraccià ³n - fractionraà ­z cuadrada - square rootraà ­z cà ºbica - cube root Sample Sentences Solo un idiota que no sabe que dos ms dos son  cuatro le creerà ­a. (Only an idiot who doesnt know that two plus two equals four would believe him.) Una fraccià ³n es un nà ºmero  que se obtiene de dividir un entero en partes iguales. (A fraction is a number that is obtained by dividing a whole number into equal parts.) Pi se obtiene al dividir la circunferencia de un cà ­rculo del dimetro. (Pi is obtained by dividing the circumference of a circle by the diameter.) El triple de un nà ºmero menos el doble del mismo nà ºmero son ese nà ºmero. (Three times a number minus two times that number is that number.) Una funcià ³n es como una mquina: tiene una entrada y una salida. (A function is like a machine: It has an input and an output.) Una ecuacià ³n es una igualdad matemtica entre dos expresiones matemticas. (An equation is an equality between two mathematical expressions.) La ciudad est dividida en dos partes iguales. (The city is divided into two equal parts.)  ¿Cul es el resultado de dividir 20 por 0.5? (What is the quotient of 20 divided by 0.5?) El cuadrado de un nà ºmero menos el doble del mismo nà ºmero son 48.  ¿Cul es ese nà ºmero? (The square root of a number minus double the same number is 48. What is that number?) El promedio de edad de los estudiantes es de 25 aà ±os. (The average age of the students is 25.) La divisià ³n entre cero es una indeterminacià ³n. Asà ­Ã‚  la expresià ³n 1/0 carece de sentio. (Division by zero yields an indeterminable number. Thus the expression 1/0 doesnt make sense.) Los nà ºmeros imaginarios pueden describirse como el producto de un nà ºmero real por la unidad imaginaria i, en donde i denota la raà ­z cuadrada de -1. (Imaginary numbers can be described as the product of a real number by the imaginary unit i, where  i denotes the square root of -1.)

Spa Resorts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Spa Resorts - Essay Example The growth of resort based or singular spa-only industry has its specific general development, management and operation related issues. While measuring the growth of the spa industry, another significant purpose of this paper is to analyze the related issues of the spa industry. Definition of Spa ISPA (2013) defines spa as destinations dedicated to complete well-being via a range of professional services that boost the rejuvenation of mind, body and soul. Depending upon a client’s aims and what the client is expecting from a spa experience, he/she will inquire to find out the differences in spas and their offerings. For example, for a spa getaway that includes lodging and other provisions, cruise ship, hotel/resort and destination spas can be opted out. For a simple wax or single service, a day spa could suit well (ISA, 2013). Although there is no specific design layout for developing spas, but the hotel firm Marriott, for example, has fixed spa parameters for their properties . 'The Spa Book' provides spa design parameters and functioning guidelines for their hotels and resorts, and is also helpful to developers and the design team as they develop spas for Marriott-labeled properties. Properties must fulfill these stipulated parameters to project 'spa', as an added facility (Monteson and Singer, 2004). Parts of Spas/Resort-based Spas Some basic parts of a spa include: a welcome desk division of men's and women's locker rooms and facilities, and possibly an issuance welcome desk and a lounge bridging between men's and women's facility areas, which generally are equipped with a steam room, sauna, whirlpool, cool-dip pool and lounge (some spas enlarge it with a juice bar and/ or small cafe where wine and beer can be optionally served dry treatment cabins for massage and facials wet treatment cabins for services like body wraps and scrubs hydrotherapy cabins for baths and hydro-massages attended fitness studio with exercise machines an alternate exercise stu dio for classes retail store Parlor for hair, nails and, possibly for make-up (Monteson and Singer, 2004). Spas are confused generally with medi-spas, which are rising in numbers and are in great demand for offering medical procedures, such as Botox, cosmetic surgery, and similar other medi-spas. Historically, the purpose of spas is to offer preventive medical treatments like hydrotherapy, and mostly mix water-based routines with destination spa activities (e.g., healthy lifestyle behavioral changes or improvements) (Tabacchi, 2010). General Development, Management and Operation Issues As spa industry is not as traditional as other segments of hospitality industry, its development issues arise because of the general impression that spa visitors are niche clients belonging to affluent classes only, who can afford luxuries. This tendency affected the growth of spa industry initially, as a distinct entity, different from hotel/resort spas. Management and operation issues of spa industr y are not similar to the issues faced by tourism industry in general. General operations and management issues crop up in spas, as they are managed on the lines of traditional hotel and resort management strategies. Spa sales need different strategies for getting materialized, which are different from hotel and resort sale activities. There are time management issues, revenue management issues, and other related issues, emerging from various seasons’

Ethical Leadership in Corporate America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Ethical Leadership in Corporate America - Essay Example United States possesses anti-fraud regulations that can execute the offenders in the courts of law as criminals of the society. But significant number of fraudulent activities happen in the United States erasing hundreds of billions of dollars of government treasury and public money every year. The Enron fraud revealed the huge extent of involvement of corporate executives in illegal market manipulations and tampering of financial books & balance sheets that can shake the fundamentals of US economy and in turn the global economy. [Ostas. 2007. p.571-578] Enron fraud was a significant event in the history that resulted in a mammoth decline of about $1.5 Trillion in the New York Stock Exchange alone within an year of their public disclosures which eroded the confidence of the general investors significantly in the United States and rest of world [Ostas. 2007. p.571-578]. This was one of the most rude shocks to the world about a country where ethical conduct is taught as dedicated management subject and Jesuit tradition of education is followed in so many universities. Is America developing bad managers at the academic level or the work environment in the corporations erases their fundamental learning of ethics that they bring from the academic world This is a question that is not easy to answer but the people of United States and from all across the world have begin to wonder if the corporations of the United States are in the hands of managers that are incapable and selfish that possess very poor self restraint and self reliance and poor (or NIL) dignity towards the nation and its people. In this article, I present a review of the impact of leadership values and ethics within Corporate America taking the events in Enron as the baseline. The article begins with an analysis of the events in Enron and their mapping with the empirical theories of corporate ethics. Further to this, the alternatives are discussed that management in Enron should have considered to prevent this fraud and the most appropriate alternative is discussed in detail along with its implementation plan. Table of Contents: 1.1 Background of the Enron Scandal 7 1.1.1 What was the ENRON scandal 7 1.1.2 Brief summary of the issue 9 1.1.3 Sarbanes - Oxley Act and other major changes post Enron Scandal 10 1.1.4 The Problem Statement 12 2.1 Amazing rise of Enron and its fall thereafter 13 2.2 Where did Enron lacked in Corporate Ethics 15 2.3 Linking Enron and the Corporate America with the empirical theories of corporate ethics 18 Table of Figures: S.No. Description and Hyperlink in the document Figure 1 The mapping of IT enabled Corporate Governance with the corresponding attributes (Source: IT Governance Institute. 2000) Figure 2 The extremely complex transactional framework created by Enron to sell their SPEs (Source: Jenson, Bob. at http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/theory/00overview/speoverview.htm) Figure 3 The Critical Thinking Model (Source: Paul and Elder. 2006. p.3-21) Figure 4 The decision making process that develops the individual traits helping in being more